I Cloze: 20 points

　　Unions are organizations of workers that bargain with employers for economic and job benefits. They exist to create   1   and economic power against private management and the   2   to achieve their goals. These goals are primarily higher 3   , better working conditions, and job security.   4   organized to achieve these goals are usually complex in their social and psychological detail。

　　Union movements occurred in the   5   half of the 1700s in the U.S. Carpenters, printers, and shoemakers formed organizations as early as 1791 in Philadelphia, Boston and New York. These   6   in most cases over social and economic  7  between workers and employers when rapid  8  in a young development country began to break down the familiar modes of   9  and the close ties between workers and employers。

　　A long, hard drive for legalization of union  10   Unions fought with companies and  11  courts for legitimacy and status. Unions were  12  as a threat to free enterprise and private property, and   13   to political and economic stability. They were also considered radical, and companies resisted them  14 . Violent conducts were frequent on both sides. The government at times moved in state police to suppress the more   15   conflicts. Union workers themselves often punished other workers who did not back their policies。

　　Unions in the U.S. have always   16   a practical direction. They have not adopted radical ideologies or   17   goals. A major force in union organizing in the early part of the century, Samuel Gompers, took a practical approach. He  18  “bread and butter unionism” or “pure and simple unionism。” He was interested in immediate, practical gains—higher wages and shorter  19  . He sided with no political party, only   20   politicians who could help。

　　1. A. political      B. principal     C. crucial     D. communal

　　2. A. department     B. government    C. section     D. compartment

　　3. A. position       B. rank          C. wages       D. benefits

　　4. A. Arrangements   B. Adjustments   C. Dynamics    D. Movements

　　5. A. latter         B. former        C. early       D. later

　　6. A. arouse         B. arose         C. arised      D. aroused

　　7. A. contradiction  B. dispute       C. conflict    D. debate

　　8. A. improvements   B. rhythm        C. pace        D. alterations

　　9. A. production     B. living        C. communication    D. commerce

　　10. A. pursued       B. followed      C. gathered    D. launched

　　11. A. idealistic    B. supportive    C. unsympathetic    D. advisable

　　12. A. depicted      B. defined       C. determined  D. referred to

　　13. A. therefore     B. moreover      C. nevertheless     D. nonetheless

　　14. A. energetically    B. vigorously      C. spontaneously     D. promptly

　　15. A. brutal        B. urgent        C. fierce      D. emergent

　　16. A. stood by      B. strove for    C. sought after     D. stuck to

　　17. A .unrealistic   B. practical     C. unreasonable    D. practicable

　　18. A. opposed       B. advocated     C. rejected        D. approved

　　19. A. times         B. hours         C. whiles          D. periods

　　20. A. against       B. to            C. for             D. with

答案：1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. A

　　6. B 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. B

　　11. C 12. D 13. A 14. B 15. C

　　16. D 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. D