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句子一：
Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：
Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant
respect, / extremists of this kind think / that animals lie outside the area of
moral choice.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是extremists of this kind think that… 其中that引导宾语从句，Arguing from.。.是现在分词短语作状语。
2) the view和后面的从句that.。.是同位语关系
第三、词的处理：
Arguing from the view 从……观点看，持……观点
different from... 与……不同
in every relevant respect 在各相关方面
extremists 极端主义者，持极端观点的人
lie outside the area of moral choice 不在道德问题范围，与道德取舍无关
参考译文：
这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
句子二：
But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to looks into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：
But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to looks into the past, / for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures / that existed 15 billion years ago.
