文章结构与内容
文章结构:一枝独秀型。本文的核心概念是残疾儿童(exceptional children)的教育。由于本文是一篇社会科学方面的文章,所以阅读时还要注意作者对核心概念的态度:要让残疾儿童充分发展自己的潜能,必须调整对他们的教育,以适应他们与正常儿童的差异。然后作者指出重视残疾儿童的教育这一点反映了美国传统的价值观念---教育机会平等以及一种新思潮的出现。医学全在.线网站www.med126.com
核心词汇
1. exceptional 残疾的;例外的,异常的(名词exception 除外,例外)
2. significant重大的,明显的;重要的(名词significance)
3. potential 潜能,潜力 ; a. 潜在的,可能的
4. adapt (to)(使)适应;改编
5. capture 捕获;夺取
6. supporting player 配角
7. scenery 舞台布景;风景
8. the key to …的关键
9. full expression 充分表达
10. understanding 认知,理解;通情达理的
11. pass on to 传递给
12. weakness 缺点(反义词strength)
13. prejudice 偏见;v. 损害
14. deserve 应该获得
15. capability 能力;技能(形容词capable)
16. democratic 民主的(= demo(人民)+crat(统治)+ic(的))
17. denote 表示,代表(同根词note、notice---not表明)
18. interpret 解释,说明;口译
19. to the limit of 达到…的极限
20. capacity 能力,容量(形容词capacious容量大的,宽敞的)
21. modify 改变,修改(名词mode模式)
22. substantially 真正地,实质地(名词substance)
* * *
23. exert influence over 对…产生影响,给…施加影响(exert 施加,尽力)
难句分析
1. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
[结构分析] 第一个句子的基本结构是Exceptional children are different…from…,其中in some significant way(在一些重要的方面)说明different的体现;第二个句子的前半部分For these children to develop to their full adult potential(要让残疾儿童充分发展自己的潜能)表示目的,作状语。注意:第一句中的exceptional children在文章开始出现时意思不太明确,但是从文章后半部分可以看出是指“残疾儿童”。
[参考译文] 异常儿童(指残疾儿童)与同龄儿童相比有许多重大的不同。为使这些儿童的全部潜力得到开发,教育必须适应他们的不同需要。
2.While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.
[结构分析]本句是一个复合句,理解的关键是能否看出这是一个类比:把残疾儿童比作舞台上的主要角色,而把他们的家庭和社会环境比作配角和戏剧的布景。
[参考译文] 尽管舞台主角吸引我们的注意力,我们也意识到舞台配角和场景的重要性。
3.And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
[结构分析] 本句是一个强调句,被强调的部分是in the public schools;破折号之后的部分the knowledge, hopes, and fears是understanding(认知)的同位语,后面的that引导的定语从句修饰the knowledge, hopes, and fears。
[参考译文] 而且正是在公立学校中我们找到了社会理解的全面体现---传授给下一代的知识、希望和恐惧。
4.The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
[结构分析] 本句的主干是“The great interest... indicates the strong feeling...”,其中主语是the great interest,后面的in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades作the great interest的定语;宾语是the strong feeling ,后面的that引导一个同位语从句that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities,其中whatever their special conditions修饰all citizens,作状语,阅读时可以先跳过去。
[参考译文] 过去30年中公共教育对异常儿童所表现出来的巨大关注表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈感受,即所有公民,不管有什么特殊情况,都应该获得充分发展其能力的机会。
5.That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.
[结构分析]本句的主干在破折号之前,破折号之后的部分解释前面的educational opportunity for all children的具体内容,其中whether 引导的让步状语从句使用了虚拟语气(在虚拟语气中用be是美国英语的用法)。to the limits of的意思是“达到…的极限”。
[参考译文] 这一概念暗示所有儿童都应享有教育机会——每个儿童,无论自身能力大小,都有权在尽其所能的学习中接受帮助。
6.In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
[结构分析] 本句的主干是schools are modifying their programs,现在分词结构adapting…to…, to…(使…适应…)作状语,其中又包含两个定语从句 :who are exceptional(修饰children)和who cannot profit substantially from regular programs(修饰those, 指children),而第二个定语从句前的to those是adapting instruction to those的省略。
[参考译文] 作为反应,学校正在改变课程安排,使学校授课能够适应异常儿童的需要,能够适应那些无法从正常课程中实际获益的儿童的需要。