记住四个字:瞻前顾后
瞻前:先看看先行词一般与什么介词搭配,例如:
There are occasions _____ which joking is not permissible.
→ Joking is not permissible _____ (certain) occasions.
常与occasion搭配的介词是什么?on,即:
Joking is not permissible on (certain) occasions. (有的场合是不容许开玩笑的。)
There are occasions on which joking is not permissible.
顾后:看看谓语动词常与什么介词搭配,例如:
This car, ____ which I paid a lot of money, is now out of date.
→ I paid a lot of money ______ this car.
Pay (money) for something 是一个固定的搭配,因此应填介词 "for"
当A、B、C、D中出现 " 介词 + which / whom" 选项时,而你又确实看不懂时,应倾向于选择" 介词 + which / whom"的形式,例如:
The two elements _____ water is made are the gases oxygen and hydrogen.
A. that
B. which
C. with which
D. of which
倾向选择C、D;正确答案D,"be made of "(由…组成):
The two elements are gases (oxygen and hydrogen).
Water is made of the two elements.
两个句子一合并,便是该句选择。
(四)其他应注意的确问题:
(1) 同位语从句只能用"that"连接
常见的同位语先行词有:fact(事实), possibility(可能), idea(想法), belief(相信), doubt(疑问), news(消息), order(命令), promise(承诺), evidence(证据), suggestion(建议)等,例如:
Is there any possibility that all the villagers can send their children to school?(有没有这种可能,所有村民都能送他们的孩子上学?)
There can be no doubt that he is a qualified doctor.(毫无疑问,他是个合格的医生。)
(2) "as" 也可以做关系代词用于连接定语从句,特别是在"such…as…", "the same as…" 以及"正如…"的结构中,例如:
I have never seen a thing as he described. (我从未见过他所描述的那种事。)
As was expected, the performance was a great success. (正如所料,演出获得了巨大成功。)
把该句理解为:The performance was a great success, which was expected,就比较容易理解as的这种用法。
将定语从句的连接用三句话归纳一下:
↗ 人用who / whom
(1)先行词在从句中当主、宾、表语 →定语用whose
↘ 物用that (= which)/ 非限制用which
↗地点状语用:where
(2)先行词在从句中当 →原因状语(reason)用:why
↘ 时间状语用:when
(3)介词 + which / whom结构:瞻前顾后
二.名词性从句:
(一)什么叫名词性从句?
在英语句子中,主语、宾语和表语是名词,在这三个位置上出现的句子就称为名词性从,即:主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的总称。由于他们的连接原则和连接词的使用基本一致,故放在一起讲解。
(二)如何连接?
名词性从句的连接可以简单地归纳为三句话:
1) 从句不缺成分用that
2) 从句缺少主语、宾语和表语,物用what,人用who / whom / whoever / whomever
3) 其他情况,中文缺什么意思就补所医学.全在线www.med126.com需的带-wh的词(whether, where, when, how, why, who, whom, whose),
第一句话:从句不缺成分用that,例如:
My hope is that she will soon be well again. (表语从句:我的希望是他能很快康复。)
Everybody hopes that she will soon be well again.(宾语从句:大家都希望他能很快康复。)
That she will soon be well again is our hope. (主语从句:他能很快康复是我们的希望。)
从上面三个句子可以看出:
1) 名词性从句中的that 只是起连接作用,不充当任何成分,一定要与定语从句中的关系代词that相区别;
2) 除了主语从句居首的情况(如例3),是可以省略的,特别是宾语从句中。例3也可以写成:It is our hope that she will soon be well again.
此项内容不是考试重点。
第二句话:从句缺少主语、宾语和表语, 物用what,人用who / whom / whoever / whomever
这是名词性从句考试的重点, 特别是what, 这里的关键是否能辨认出句子的成分,
例如:
______ he needs is more time. (他需要的是更多的时间。)
显然,主语从句中:he是主语,而谓语动词needs缺宾语,因此填what
Tell us _____ you saw and heard during your visit to that university.
同样,宾语从句中谓语动词saw和heard缺宾语,应填 what
This is not ______ I want. 同样,表语从句中动词缺宾语,应填what
______ some people are against is ______ other people are for.
这是一个主语从句 + 表语从句的结构,介词against和 for后面都没有宾语,无疑都应填what:一些人反对的就是其他人赞成的。
应注意的问题:
1) 关于what的疑问性和名词性:
I don't know what you don't know.
这个句子可以有两个译文:我不知道你不知道什么。/ 你不知道的我也不知道。显然,第一个译文中what是疑问性的(即"什么?");第二个译文中what是名词性的,中文往往表达为"…的".
注意:这种区分并不影响做语法选择题,只影响翻译理解.
例如:
What has made Japan ______ it is today?
不要急着试图翻译这个句子,先考虑一下医学.全在线www.med126.com从句中缺了什么成分?缺表语,即: it is 的表语,那就填what, 即:What has made Japan what it is today? 是什么使日本成为今天这个样子?句中第一个what是疑问性的,第二个what是名词性的。
2) 关于whoever和whomever的用法:
上面讲到,what具有疑问性和名词性。同样,讲到人"谁"时, 也有疑问性和名词性之分。现代语法规定,疑问性 "谁?"用who / whom,名词性"谁 = 那个人"用whoever/ whomever. (whoever / whomever = the person who / whom), 例如:
谁迟到就开除谁。该句中的"谁"不是问"哪个人迟到了?",而是说"迟到的那个人",显然是名词性的,应译为:Whoever comes late will be fired.
这也是目前语法考试的一个重点。
3) 用who 还是whom?
We are talking about ______ will attend the meeting. (我们正在谈论谁去参加这个会议。)
在个句子中,尽管空格______的位置在介词about 后面,属介词宾语的一部分,但它在从句中做主语,因此还是应该填who 而不是填whom;此原则同样适用于whoever与 whomever之间的选择。
第三句话:其他情况,中文缺什么意思就补所需的带-wh的词(whether, where, when, how, why, who, whom, whose),例如:
I wonder whether he will come in such bad weather. (天气这么糟糕,不知他是否会来。)
名词性从句有两个两个重点:what 和whoever
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