主句是强调句it was... that.。.被强调部分the farthest是后面句子的状语，可以理解为scientists had been able to look the farthest into the past
2) for.。.引导的原因状语从句是一个系表结构，what they were seeing是从句中的主语，that引导定语从句修饰the patterns and structures。
第三、词的处理：
even more important 更为重要的是
he patterns and structures (宇宙云的)形状和结构
15 billion years ago 150亿年前
参考译文：
更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
句子三：
Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true。
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：
Odd though it sounds, / cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, / and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true。
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是cosmic inflation is a consequence, and many astrophysicists have been convinced that it is true。其中Odd though it sounds是倒装的让步状语从句，等于 though it sounds odd
2) consequence前后有多重定语。
3) and many astrophysicists have been convinced为被动结构。
4) that it is true是宾语从句。
第三、词的处理：
cosmic inflation 宇宙膨胀说
scientifically plausible consequence 科学上可信的推论
in elementary-particle physics 基本粒子物理学
convinced 被说服，相信
for the better part of a decade 七八年来
参考译文：
宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特医学全在,线www.med126.com，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。
句子四：
Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
