本课的重点、难点： 1．护理的工作方式。 3．“护理”的概念与内涵。 4．现阶段护士的角色。 5．影响护理发展的因素。 教学目标： 1．简述护理学发展史。 2．描述护理的工作方式。 3．举例说明“护理”的概念与内涵。 4．举例说明现阶段护士的角色。 5．阐述影响护理发展的因素。 6．联系中国具体情况讨论护士所应具备的素质 本次课应用的教具： 1、自制多媒体课件 2、电脑、投影仪、等。 3、红外线笔 主要教学内容： Unit 1 Nursing and Nurses Chapter 1 General Description of Nursing Definition of Nursing The word nurse, originated from the Latin word nutrix , means “to nourish.” Ellis and Hartley used this word originally in describing the nurse as a person who nourishes, fosters, and protects; a person prepares to take care of sick, injured, and aged people. International Council of Nurses The following definition was written by Virginia Henderson and adopted by the International Council of Nurses (ICN) in 1973: the unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible. American Nurses’ Association In 1965, the American Nurses’ Association (ANA) Committee on Education issued a position paper. The statement said: ● Nursing is a helping profession and provides services which contribute to the health and well-being of people. Nursing is a vital consequence to the individual receiving services; it fills needs which can not be met by the person, by the family, or by other people in the community. ● The essential components of professional nursing are care, cure, and coordination. The care aspect is more than“to take care of”; it is “caring for” and “caring about” as well. It is dealing with human being under stress, frequently over long periods. It is providing comfort and support in time of anxiety, loneliness, and helplessness. It is listening, evaluating, and intervening appropriately. Aims of Nursing Promoting wellness Wellness promotion is the framework for nursing activities. The client’s self-awareness, health awareness, wellness skills, and use of resources are all considered as the nurse gives care. Through know- edge and skill, the nurse: Preventing illness The objectives of illness-prevention activities are to reduce the risk of illness, to promote good health habits, and to maintain the individual’s optimal functioning. Health promotion is carried out by organizations and institutions as well as by nurses. Nurses primarily promote health by teaching and by personal examples. Such activities include the following: Restoring health The activities directed to restore health encompass those most traditionally considered to be the nurse’s responsibility and are probably an area in which most practicing nurses are employed. This area focuses on the individual with an illness but ranges from early detection of a disease to rehabilitation and teaching during recovery. The activities include: Facilitating coping Although the major focus of health care is promoting, maintaining, or restoring health, these goals cannot always be met. Nurses can facilitate an optimal level of function through understanding and acceptance of the individual and the family, the maximizing of strengths and potentials, teaching, and knowledge and referral to community support systems. Nurses provide care to both clients and families during the terminal illness, and they do so in hospitals, long-term nursing facilities, and homes. Nurses are also becoming more active in hospice programs, which are developed to assist individuals and their families in preparing for death and in living as comfortably as possible until death occurs.
Chapter 2 Factors Influencing Nursing Practice Historic Development From the beginning of time, the nurse in foreign countries has been regarded as a caregiver. This role was and is defined by groups, communities, and societies. Health care and nursing as we currently know are based on what happened in the past. From the middle of the 18th century to the 19th century. It was during this time that nursing, based on many of the beliefs and examples of Florence Nightingale, began as we currently know it. Florence Nightingale’s contributions are numerous and far-reaching: recognizing that nutrition is an important part of nursing care; instituting occupational and recreational therapy for sick people; identifying personal needs of the client and the role of the nurse in meeting those needs; establishing standards for hospital management; establishing a respected occupation for women; establishing nursing education; recognizing the two components of nursing-health and illness; believing that nursing is separate and distinct from medicine; stressing the need for continuing education for nurses. Florence Nightingale elevated the status of nursing to a respected occupation, improved the quality of nursing care, and founded modern nursing education. Current Influences ●Consumer demands The public’s concepts of health and nursing have also changed. People now believe that health is a right of all people, not just a privilege of the rich. More and more state and provincial nursing associations have representatives of the community on their governing boards. ● Family structure The need for and provision of nursing services are being influenced by new family structures. These families need support services such as day-care centers. Many families do not have grandparents or other relatives readily available to help in times of illness or to offer advice about childbearing and child health. The advice these parents get about their children usually comes from physicians and nurses as well as others. ● Economics Another factor that has increased the demand and need for nursing services is the greater financial support provided through health insurance programs in the United States and Canada. Medicare, Medicaid, and other government programs as well as other public and private financing agencies have increased the demand for broad nursing services. ● Science and technology Discoveries in science and related technologies, such as means to control many infectious diseases, have affected nursing. The development of new pharmaceuticals affects nursing practice. Scientific developments have led to other changes in the nursing profession by indirectly affecting human health. Chapter 3 Development History of Nursing Development History of Nursing in Foreign Countries Nursing as an activity that provides help to the ill, to childre会计资格n, and to babies has existed since the earliest times. Before the early Christian period (1-500 A.D.), caring for the sick was chiefly done by women in their homes. Later, monastic orders provided nursing functions as part of their activities. The first nursing order, the Augustinian Sisters, was established in the Middle Ages. The era of reform in nursing is marked by the work of the British nurse, Florence Nightingale, during the Crimean War (1854-56). In North America, the establishment of nursing and health services was slow prior to the American Revolution (1775-83). Nurse Society of Philadelphia enables them to provide maternity nursing services in home settings. Development History of Modern Nursing in China The development of modern nursing in China is around the Opium War In 1820, an England doctor opened a clinic in Macau. The Nurses’ Association published “Nurse Journal” in quarterly in 1920, and joined the International Council of Nurses in 1992, and became the 11th national member. In 1920, Bejing Xiehe hospital started higher nursing education with 4 or 5-year curriculum, and the graduates 5- year higher nursing education would be awarded the bachelor’s degree. During Sino-Japanese War, many medical personnel rushed to Yen’an, set up hospitals in liberated areas, and the nursing work received much concern by the Central Party Committee. In 1931, the Central Red Nursing School was established in Jiangxi. Nursing education In 1950 the first session of National Healthy Work regarded the secondary vocational education as the only way to train nurses. Both the teaching plan and materials must be unified by the Minister of health, higher nursing education stopped recruiting new students. In 1961, the second medical college of Beijing ran higher nursing education again. During the ten years turmoil(1966—1976), the nursing school was compelled to close down. After 1970, many hospitals set up the technical classes to train nurses. In 1978, the medical colleges of Nanjing took the lead in running the special higher nursing class. In 1983, the medical college of Tianjin offered the nursing course to undergraduates for the first time. In 1985, 11 higher medical colleges and universities of the whole country had started the nursing education for graduates. Beijing began the nursing education of the master’s degree in 1992, and gradually set up several authorized unites over the country. The nursing training systems with 4 levels, technological academy, technical sewww.med126.com/rencai/condary school, undergraduate and graduate courses, have been formed. In 1996, China Xiehe Medical University took the lead in founding the nursing faculty. Clinical practice Since 1950, the clinical nursing workers have been regarding diseases as their central mission. Doctors’ and nurses’ works were divided clearly, the nurse was the doctor’s assistant, and the nursing work was placed in a passive position. After 1989, we realized that many factors may influence people’s health and diseases. The contents and scopes of nursing work have constantly expanded. Nursing management The State council approved the issue of “The Regulation on how to promote the Hygiene Technical Personnel (try)” in 1979, it clearly stipulated the advanced, intermediate and elementary title of nursing staff. In March 1993, the Ministery of Health issued the first minister’s orders on nurse’s job and registration, and the “Management Measures of Nurse of the people’s Republic of China”. In June 1995, the first national-wide professional nursing examination was held. Nursing study After 1990, our country’s nursing research has had a quicker development. Some higher nursing educational institutions or hospitals have set up the center of nursing study. | 
