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 医学全在线 > 精品课程 > 医学英语 > 河北医科大学 > 正文
医学英语-授课教案:unit 14
来源:河北医科大学 更新:2013/10/14 字体:

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教研室: 外语部医学英语教研室     教师姓名:  

课程名称

医学英语

授课专业和班级

 05级

授课内容

Unit fourteen  Without Conscious

授课学时

4

教学目的

To understand WWII and the roles of doctors in Nazi period. And review the history and see through the importance and influence of a doctor.

教学重点

To help students understand the history and the evil deeds on Hitler and tell student to be a good doctor and contribute to the peace of human world.

教学难点

Some of the historical backgrounds are obscure in the mind of the students and they may not fully understand the evil influence of Nazi doctors in history.

教具和媒

体使用

computer and PowerPoint

教学方法

Communicative approach and traditional method to analyze the text

I. Lead in activities (10 min.)

How much do you know about WWII? Have you learned something about what Hilter forced Nazi doctors to do?

II. Background knowledge (10 min.)

WWII is impressive and Hilter is notorious in history. Many decent doctor in Nazi period are forced to do something evil to hurt people and even kill people like animals.

III.  Analysis of the text (60 min.)

1. Some relevant information on Nazi doctors.

2. Language points: words and expressions.

3. Analysis of difficult sentences.

4. Review what has happened in the history and remind medical students to make use of knowledge to serve human beings rather than do something evil.

IV. Discussion (10 min.)招生简章

V. Summary (10 min.)

To be a noble doctor is really hard. Learning from the history, medical students should realize their own roles in protecting people and world peace.

VI.  assignment after class

write an article titiled how to be a noble doctor.

讲授新

进展内容

  The history of Nazi Germany and the Nazi doctors.

课后总结

1.   Students’ vocabulary is to be enlarged.

2.   More class activities are to be organized.

3.   Students’ speaking abilities are to be improved.

I Background Information

阿道夫·希特勒(Adolf Hitler,1889年4月20日—1945年4月30日),是德国国家社会主义工人党,即纳粹党的党魁和纳粹德国的元首。第二次世界大战时期兼任德国武装力量三军统帅。希特勒严格地说应该是奥地利人。

早年岁月

生於巴伐利亚和奥地利的边界城市因河畔布劳瑙的一个海关文职人员家庭,父亲阿伯雷·希特勒曾经当过鞋匠,後来才转为海关文职人员。童年时代性格倔犟、放任。早年学习绘画。中学时成绩非常差,因此未毕业就退学了。十八岁时报考维也纳美术学院却未被录取。父母双亡之後生活窘迫,流浪到维也纳街头行乞,靠卖画为生,有时被雇佣来扫雪、扛行李。希特勒早在中学时就接触了狂热的民族主义,来到维也纳之後又阅读了大量吹嘘种族优越的书籍,更加痴迷於其中,发誓要为"德国復兴而奋斗"。

迈向权力之颠

第一次世界大战刚爆发时他志愿参加了德国巴伐利亚州的军队,在西缐与英法联军作战,1917年由传令兵晋升为下士班长。战後,由於德国曾爆发以犹太人为首,与苏俄第三国际联手的共产革命,德国陆军一方面要避免共产思想在军队中蔓延,一方面又对如雨後春笋成立的各种新政党有兴趣,於是成立了一个调查局。希特勒因为这个调查局符合他的反共理念而应征并获得录用。在慕尼黑大学的受训课程与向被遣返战俘的演说中,希特勒的演说才能让教授与战俘们同样印象深刻,1919年在执行任务旁听德国工人党(即後来的纳粹党)会议时,希特勒起身痛斥一个鼓吹巴伐利亚分离运动者是中了犹太人要把德国分裂成两个国家的奸计,德国工人党主席德莱克斯勒对此演说印象深刻并邀请了希特勒入党。不久後希特勒成为主席团委员,3年後出任党魁,正式将党名更名为国家社会主义德国工人党(Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei,Nazi)并雇佣了一批打手成立了国民冲锋队。1923年因为啤酒馆暴动入狱,併在狱中写下《我的奋斗》一书,表达出他多方面的观点,如兼併奥地利,反犹和独裁。1924年12月出狱,次年重建纳粹党併成立党卫军(警卫旗队)。

第三帝国1933年1月30日出任德国总理,通过「国会纵火案」与「长刀之夜」打击异己党派与党内反对派。1934年8月2日,87岁高龄的德国总统兴登堡病逝,希特勒兼任德国总统,并将总统与总理两个职务合二为一,拥有无上的权力,可以无限期连任,并命令所有军队以及法官和政府官员向他宣誓效忠。作为元首和总理,他成为国家政权的单独执掌者即独裁者,把军队和教会之外的所有政治社会机构都一体化。他执政期间的德国被称为纳粹德国或德意志第三帝国。并且取缔其他一切政党和团体,宣佈纳粹党和第三帝国合一。

在第三帝国初期阶段,他的某些经济措施一度使得德国经济走出第一次世界大战後的泥潭,也因此获得下层民众的支持。希特勒承诺「让德国每一户人家的餐桌上有牛排与面包」,而且他的承诺在第三帝国初期(1933-1938)变成了现实,从而使更多人拥护希特勒。所以战後有人这样评价他:「元首(希特勒)在1938年之前是伟人,1938-1940年之间是暴君,1940之後则是个彻底的疯子。」这句话不无道理。

第二次世界大战

不过在政治体制上,希特勒领导下的德国相对魏玛共和国时期是倾向於极端民族保守主义的。1936年,他和墨索里尼领导的意大利、东条英机领导的日本联盟结成轴心国,这直接导致第二次世界大战。德国军队在他的领导下干涉西班牙内战,扶持佛郎哥政权,并吞併奥地利、捷克斯洛伐克,入侵波兰、法国、苏联等国家,发动了对英国的大规模空袭,但英美空军回以更大规模的报復。

国内方面,他实行法西斯式的一党恐怖专政,仇视且排斥其它非纳粹政党和思想,包括共产主义运动,他建立的第一个集中营即为关押共产党之用。他还鼓吹民族优越,仇视其它民族。在国内建立冲锋队、党卫军、盖世太保等独立於国防军外的纳粹军事组织。实行种族灭绝政策,在希特勒的领导下的第三帝国期间,德国以及其佔领国领土上大量建造死亡集中营,犹太人以及其他人种的遭到了大屠杀。根据粗略估计,期间总共有约600万犹太人因为希特勒的种族灭绝政策而被屠杀。

在战争方面,希特勒在军事上摒弃了第一次世界大战的战争模式,创立了并且实践了闪电战、空军支援等新型战争模式,改变了战争的形态。

1941年希特勒将德文的花体书写规范废除,採用拉丁体。

1945年4月28日,苏联红军攻入柏林市区。希特勒宣佈邓尼茨海军元帅为元首继承人,宣传部长戈培尔博士为总理继承人,党务部长鲍曼为党务继承人,并下令逮捕不忠的帝国元帅戈林和盖世太保首领希姆莱,之前他还枪毙了企图叛逃的卫队长,爱娃·布劳恩的亲戚菲格莱因。30日15时30分,希特勒与爱娃·布劳恩举行婚礼,之後希特勒用一支7.62毫米手枪自杀,而爱娃·布劳恩则服氰化钾自尽。1945年5月8日夜,纳粹德国正式投降。德国战败。不久盟军在总理府的废墟中找到了希特勒尚未完全焚毁的尸体。

II Key Words, Phrases to Be Mastered:

1.assassin   Onewho murders by surprise attack, especially one who carries out a plot to kill aprominent person.

2.adage  A sayingthat sets forth a general truth and that has gained credit through long use.

3 ideology A set of doctrines orbeliefs that form the basis of a political, economic, or other system

4.implement  To put into practical effect; carry out:

5.apostle A passionate adherent; astrong supporter. One of a group made up especially of the 12 disciples chosenby Jesus to preach the gospel

6.eugenics n. The study of hereditary improvement of thehuman race by controlled selective breeding.euthanasia n. the act or practiceof ending the life of an individual suffering from a terminal illness or anincurable condition, as by lethal injection or the suspension of extraordinarymedical treatment.

7. justification]n. Something, such as afact or circumstance, that justifies

8.contaminate v.  Tomake impure or unclean by contact or mixture.

9.precu执业兽医rsor  Onethat precedes another.

10.  mutilate v. To deprive of a limb or anessential part; cripple

11.  executioner n. One who executes, especiallyone who puts a condemned   

12.  psychiatrist]n.  A physician who specializes in psychiatry. 精神病学,

13.  exemplary adj. Worthy of imitation; commendable:

14.  camaraderie n. Goodwill and lighthearted rapport between oramong fiends.

15.  eliminate v.  Toget rid of; remove.

16.  burgeon v.  Toput forth new buds, leaves, or greenery.

17.  psychiatry n. The branch of medicine that deals with thediagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental and emotional disorders.精神病学

18.  fanatical adj. Possessedwith or motivated by excessive, irrational zeal.

19.  ethical adj. Being in accordance with the acceptedprinciples of right and wrong that govern the conduct of a profession.道德的,伦理的

20.  anesthesia n. Total or partial loss of sensation,especially tactile sensibility, induced by disease, injury, acupuncture, or an anesthetic.麻醉;失去知觉

21.  amputate v. To cut off (a part of the body).

22.  suffocate To kill or destroy by preventing access of air oroxygen

23.  dissect v. To cut apart or separate (tissue), especiallyfor anatomical study.解剖

24.  perversion n. The act of perverting

II The key notes from the text.

1.Professor Wiesel was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986. He is auniversity professor of religion and philosophy at BostonUniversity, Boston. Sixty years ago, on April 11, 1945,he was liberated from the Buchenwald concentration camp (布痕瓦尔德,德意志民主共和国西南部一村庄,1937至1945年德国法西斯曾在此设立集中营,残酷屠杀了数万名反法西斯战士). This article has been modified by the author froman essay in his collection D"où viens-tu? (Editions du Seuil,2001) and was translated from the French by Jamie Moore.

2.Holocaust: The genocide of European Jews and others by the Nazis duringWorld War II. Holocaust源于希腊语,译为大屠杀,当其大写时特指二战中纳粹分子对犹太人和其他欧洲人的毁灭政策。

3.Talmud: The collection of ancient Rabbinic writings consisting of theMishnah and the Gemara, constituting the basis of religious authority inOrthodox Judaism.犹太教法典:古代拉比著作的合集,包括《密西拿》和《革马拉》,构成了正统犹太教中宗教权威的基础。

4.The best doctors are destined for hell. There are several interpretationsfor this Talmudic adage. One is that the best doctors are destined for hell because, with their ability to healthemselves and the means to afford good food, they are rarely ill and thus arenot very devout. In addition, they will often not treat indigent people who areill. Another interpretation is that "best doctors" refers to doctorswho consider themselves as such, i.e., consider themselves experts and thus donot consult with other doctors. This results in the death of some of theirpatients.

5.Hippocratic Oath: 希波克拉底的誓言(医科学生或医生开业时表示遵守医德的誓约)。

6.Thomas Mann 托马斯·曼(1875-1955)德国作家。纳粹上台后,托马斯·曼发表《理查德·瓦格纳的苦难与伟大》的著名演讲而被迫流亡国外,1944年入美国籍。虽然他的著作在德国被查禁,他的国籍和波恩大学荣誉博士学位被剥夺,但他并没有屈服,而是以著名的公开信表明了反法西斯的严正。1929年,由于他在文学艺术领域里的杰出贡献,托马斯·曼获得获贝尔文学奖。

7.Bertolt Brecht 贝尔托·布莱希特(1898-1956)德国剧作家,戏剧理论家,导演,诗人 。曾投身工人运动。1933年后流亡欧洲大陆。战后遭迫害,1947年返回欧洲。1955年获列宁和平奖金。

8.Third Reich第三帝国(指希特勒统治下的德国[1933-1945]。

9.  Himmler: 二次世界大战时德国党卫军首脑希姆莱。

10.  Gnadentod: 德语,意为无痛楚的死亡,安然去世。

11.  Poznan: 波兹南(波兰城市).

12.  guinea pig: 1.豚鼠,天竺鼠:常被作为宠物饲养,亦被用来做实验.2. [非正式用语]被用来做实验或进行研究的人。

13.  Ravensbrück, Dachau, Buchenwald, Auschwitz: 地名,分别指拉文斯布鲁克集中营,达豪集中营,布痕瓦尔德集中营,奥斯维新集中营。

14.  Nuremberg: 纽伦堡(德国城市名)

15.  Final Solution: The Nazi program of exterminating Jews during the GermanThird Reich:最后解决:在德国第三帝国时期纳粹党对犹太人的集体屠杀方案.

16.  Adolf Eichmann: 纳粹战犯阿道夫.艾希曼.

17.  Mengele: Josef Mengele,纳粹医生,有“恶魔医生”之称,二战期间非人道的在集中营用“医学人体试验”杀人。

18.  Yom Kippur: Yom Kippur is the Jewish holiday of the Day of Atonement. It falls on the tenth day ofthe Hebrew month and is considered most solemn day of the year. 犹太人的赎罪日

19.  anti-Semitic: 反对犹太人的,排犹的

20.  Einsatzgruppen: 党卫军特别行动队: 流动武装警察部队,由保安警察、保安处和盖世太保组成,用来进攻和处决被占领国的敌人并负责集中营的管理。

21.  brethren: 弟兄们, 同胞,brother的复数。

 III Key sentences or pharagraphs need to be mastered.

1. This is one of those stories that invite fear.

2. Now we know. During the period of the past centurythat I call Night, medicine was practiced in certain places not toheal but to harm, not to fight off death but to serve it.

3. They preceded the torturers andassassins in the science of organized cruelty that we call theHolocaust. There is a Talmudic adage, quite disturbing, that appliesto them: Tov she-barofim le-gehinom — "The best doctorsare destined for hell." The Nazi doctors made hell.

4. How can we explain their betrayal? Whatmade them forget or eclipse the Hippocratic Oath? What gagged theirconscience? What happened to their humanity?

5.Thus, instead of doing their job, instead ofbringing assistance and comfort to the sick people who needed themmost, instead of helping the mutilated and the handicapped to live,eat, and hope one more day, one more hour, doctors became theirexecutioners.  

Like the fanatical German theorists, Nazi doctors didtheir work without any crisis of conscience. They were convincedthat by helping Hitler to realize his racial ambitions, they werecontributing to the salvation of humanity. The eminent Nazi doctorresponsible for "ethical" questions, Rudolf Ramm, did nothesitate to declare that "only an honest and moral person maybecome a good doctor."

6. In Ravensbrück, Dachau,Buchenwald, and Auschwitz, German scientistsoperated on their victims without anesthesia in an effort todiscover cures for obscure diseases. The researchers let them die ofhunger, thirst, cold; they drowned them, amputated their limbs,suffocated them, dissected their still-living bodies to study theirbehavior and measure their stamina.

7. And I recall his fateful gesture thatseparated the living from the soon-to-be dead. I learned his nameonly later. Morbid rumors went around about him.

8.  Mustone conclude that, since a humane science exists, there was also ascience that wasn"t humane? I won"t even consider racist theoristswho tried to treat racism as an exact science. Their vulgarstupidity deserves nothing but disdain. But there were excellentphysicians, well-informed chemists, and great surgeons — all racist.How could they seek truth and happiness for human beings at the sametime that they hated some of them solely because they belonged tohuman communities other than their own?

9. It is impossible to study the history of Germanmedicine during the Nazi period in isolation from German educationin general.

10.  When Ithink about the Nazi doctors, the medical executioners, I lose hope.To find it again, I think about the others, the victim-doctors; Isee again their burning gazes, their ashen faces.

11.  Whydid some know how to bring honor to humankind, while others renouncedhumankind with hatred? It is a question of choice. A choice thateven now belongs to us — to uniformed soldiers, but even more so todoctors. The killers could have decided not to kill.

12.  Andhow can the recent, shameful torture to which Muslim prisoners weresubjected by American soldiers be justified? Shouldn"t the prisonconditions in Iraqhave been condemned by legal professionals and military doctorsalike?

13.  Am Inaive in believing that medicine is still a noble profession, upholdingthe highest ethical principles? For the ill, doctors still stand forlife. And for us all, hope.

14.  If you open the famous Hippocratic Oath,you may find the following words: I will prescribe regimen for the good of my patientsaccording to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone.

IV. Discussion

1. Who or what is toblame for the creation of the assassins in white coat?

2. Why did some doctors know to bring honor tomankind, while others renounce humankind with hatred?

V. Assignment

Try to find out somematerials about doctors in Nazi period. And think about how  to be a noble doctor?

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